255 不定式的完成式

 

A 形式

to have+过去分词:

to have worked

to have spoken

B 与助动词连用

1 waswere连用表示未完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):

The house was to have been ready today

这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)

2 should would might could一起构成条件完成时(参见第223节):

If I had seen her I should have invited her

我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。

3shouldought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):

He should have helped her

他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)

I shouldntoughtnt to have lied to him

我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)

4 shouldwould like连用表示未实现的愿望(参见第 296D):

He would like to have seen it

他本想看看它。(但没能看到)

这句也可写成:

He would have liked to see it

即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。

5 could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性:

I could have made a lot of money

我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)

He couldmight have phoned her

他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)

(另参见第134节与第138节。)

6 mightcould连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:

He mightcould have told me

他本应告诉我!

I am annoyed that he didnt tell me

他没告诉我,我很不高兴。(参见第285D。)

7 maymight连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:

He maymight have left.相当于:

It is possible that hehas left

他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)

You mightcould have been killed

(那时)你可能会送了命的!

8 cantcouldnt连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):

He cantcouldnt have moved the piano himself

这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。

We knew he couldnt have paid for itbecause he had no money

我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。

9 must连用表示肯定的推论(参见第156节):

He must have come this way here are his footprints

他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。

10 neednt连用表示过去不必要的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):

You neednt have hurried Now we are too early

你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。

You neednt have cooked it We could have eaten it raw

你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。

C 与某些别的动词连用

1 appearhappenpretendseem连用

注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:

He seems to be a great athlete

他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:

It seems that he is

我们的印象是他是……

He seemed to be a great athlete

那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:

It seemed that he was

那时我们的印象是他是一名……

不定式的完成式:

He seems to have been

他看来曾经是…相当于:

It seems that he was

我们的印象是他曾经是……

He seemed to have been

那时看来他曾经是……相当于:

It seemed that he had been

那时我们的印象是他曾经是……

这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。

其他例子如:

I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:

It happened that I had driven that kind of car before

碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。

He pretended to have read the book.相当于:

He pretended that he had read it

他假装曾经读过那本书。

2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge believe considerfindknowreportsay supposethink understand

He is understood to have left the country

据了解他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)

3 不定式的完成式可与claimexpecthopepromise连用,但不那么常见:

He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:

He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June

他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。