1. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
    一片片的绿草开始出现在这片烧焦的土地上，代替了多少世纪以来一直生长在那里的参天大树。

2. In addition to national AIDS programs, working together internationally has begun.
    除了每个国家的艾滋病防治计划外，国际合作也已经开始。

3. Forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun.
    42年以后，隧道实际已经开始建了。