/rʌf; rʌf/
adj (-er, -est)
1 having an uneven or irregular surface; not level or smooth 高低不平的; 参差不齐的; 不平滑的; 粗糙的
*A jeep is ideal for driving over rough terrain. 吉普车很适合在高低不平的路面上行驶.
* a rough stone wall 里出外进的石墙
* rough hands 粗糙的手
* rough woollen cloth 粗糙的毛料布. Cf 参看 smooth1.
2 not gentle or calm; moving or acting violently 粗鲁的; 粗暴的; 粗野的; 剧烈的
*rough behaviour 粗暴的行为
* His children are very rough with their toys. 他的孩子很不爱惜玩具.
* Rugby is a rough sport. 橄榄球是一种很剧烈的运动.
* That area of the city is quite rough (ie dangerous) after dark. 那一带市区天黑之後很危险.
* This suitcase has had some rough handling, ie has been badly treated. 这个手提箱用得很不在意.
* He has a rough tongue, ie often speaks rudely or sharply. 他讲话很不中听（言语粗野或尖刻）.
* rough seas 风浪大的海
* have a rough crossing from Dover to Calais 在大风大浪中从多佛港横渡到加莱港.
3 made or done without (much) attention to detail, esp in haste or as a first attempt; approximate 粗制的; 粗略的; （尤指）粗率的或初步的; 概略的
*a rough sketch, calculation, translation 草图、概略的计算、粗略的翻译
* a rough draft of his speech 他的演讲草稿
* Give me a rough idea of your plans. 请把你那计画的大概意思告诉我.
* I'll give you a rough estimate of the costs. 我给你大致估计一下费用.
* rough justice, ie more or less fair, but not necessarily strictly according to law 勉强的公正.4 harsh (in taste, sound, etc) （味道、声音等）令人不快的; 难吃的; 刺耳的
*a rough red wine 难喝的红葡萄酒
* Your engine sounds a bit rough you'd better have it checked. 你的发动机声音有点不正常--最好检查检查.
* a rough voice 粗厉的嗓音.
5 (infml 口) unwell 不舒服
*I feel a bit rough I'm going to bed. 我有点儿不舒服--想去睡觉了.
6 (idm 习语) be rough (on sb) (infml 口) be unpleasant or unlucky (for sb) （对某人来说）不愉快的, 不幸的
*Losing his job was rough (on him). 他失业了, 真倒霉. give sb/have a rough `time (cause sb to) experience hardship, be treated severely, etc （使某人）受苦、受到严厉的对待等
*She had a really rough time when her father died. 她在父亲去世以後受了很多罪. a raw/rough deal => deal4. ,rough and `ready adequate but unrefined; crude but effective 能满足需要但不精美; 简陋但有效
*The accommodation is rather rough and ready, I'm afraid. 依我看, 这个住处还算差强人意.
* [attrib 作定语] rough and ready methods 原始但实用的方法. a rough `diamond person who is good-natured but lacking polished manners, education, etc 心地善良但粗俗、缺乏教养等的人.

/rʌf; rʌf/
adv
1 in a rough manner 粗鲁地; 粗暴地; 粗略地
*a team that is notorious for playing rough, ie in a (physically) somewhat violent way 因动作粗野而声名狼藉的运动队.
2 (idm 习语) cut up `rough (infml 口) become angry or violent 发脾气; 暴跳如雷
*I hope he doesn't cut up rough when I tell him what I've done. 我把我做的事情告诉他, 但愿他别发火. live rough => live2. sleep rough => sleep2.

/rʌf; rʌf/
n
1 (also the rough) [U] part of a golf-course where the ground is uneven and the grass uncut （高尔夫球场的）深草区（场地不平、杂草不修剪）. =>illus at golf 见golf插图. Cf 参看 fairway 1.2 [C] rough drawing or design, etc 草图、草样等
*Have you seen the (artwork) roughs for the new book? 你看到那本新书的（插图）草稿了吗?
3 [C] (infml 口) violent lawless person; (usu male) hooligan 无法无天的人; （通常指男性）流氓
*beaten up by a gang of young roughs遭一帮小流氓殴打.
4 (idm 习语) in `rough without great accuracy; approximately 不太精确地; 大约
*I've drawn it in rough, to give you some idea of how it looks. 我已经把它草草画了出来, 好让你有个大概的印象. in (the) `rough in an unfinished state 尚未完成
*We only saw the new painting in the rough. 我们只见过那幅新画未完成时的样子. take the ,rough with the `smooth accept what is unpleasant or difficult as well as what is pleasant or easy 好坏一齐接受.

/rʌf; rʌf/
v
1 (idm 习语) `rough it (infml 口) live without the usual comforts and conveniences of life 在没有一般的舒适和便利的条件下生活
*roughing it in the mountains 在山区因陋就简地生活
* You may have to rough it a bit if you come to stay. 你要来住可能得吃点苦.
2 (phr v) rough sth out shape, plan or sketch sth roughly 拟定某事物的草案或纲要
*He roughed out some ideas for the new buildings. 他为新建筑物提出了一些初步设想. rough sb up (infml 口) treat sb roughly, with physical violence 对某人施用暴力; 殴打某人. rough sth up make sth untidy or uneven 将某物弄乱或弄得不平整
*Don't rough up my hair! 别把我的头发弄乱了!

The bomber will always get through was a phrase used by Stanley Baldwin in 1932, in the speech "A Fear for the Future" to the British Parliament.. The argument was that, regardless of air defences, sufficient bomber aircraft will survive to destroy cities.