/stem; stɛm/
n
1 (a) main central part of a plant, bush or tree coming up from the roots, from which the leaves or flowers grow （花草的）茎; （树木的）干. =>illus at fungus 见 fungus 插图.
(b) part of a leaf, flower or fruit that joins it to the main stalk or twig （叶片、花朵或果实的）梗, 柄. =>illus at App
1 见附录1插图, page ii.
2 thin stem-shaped part of sth, esp the narrow part of a wineglass between the base and the bowl or the part of a tobacco pipe between the mouthpiece and the bowl 茎状部分; （尤指）高脚酒杯的颈, 烟斗柄.
3 (grammar) root or main part of a noun or verb from which other parts or words are made, eg by altering the endings 词干.
4 (fml 文) main line of descent of a family 血统.
5 (idm 习语) from ,stem to `stern from the front to the back (esp of a ship) 从头到尾; （尤指）从船首到船尾
*The liner has been refitted from stem to stern. 那艘班轮已经全面整修.

v (-mm-) (phr v) stem from sth arise from sth; have sth as its origin or cause 来自或起源于某事物; 由某事物造成
*discontent stemming from low pay and poor working conditions 因工资低、工作条件差而产生的不满情绪.

/stem; stɛm/
v (-mm-) [Tn] restrain or stop (the flow of liquid, etc) 遏制, 阻止（液体流动等）
*bandage a cut to stem the bleeding 用　带包扎伤口止血
* stem the flow of water from a burst pipe 止住破裂的水管中流出的水
* (fig 比喻) The government are unable to stem the tide of popular indignation. 政府压制不住公愤.

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.